ONE WORD AFTER ANOTHER1 [215]

W.S. McCulloch

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If I could take you back a quarter of a century to New York City on a gray and dusky evening in November, and introduce you unobserved into a gathering of friends around a candle-lighted table, you might seeas I saw firstthe silent, downcast face of Edwin Arlington Robinson, where he sat listening to a wordy red-faced importation from Old England declaiming on good diction and the art of reading poetry; until he looked at Robinson and checked himself, demanding, How should one read American poetry aloud? The face lifted and looked back at him, almost too quietly, and then came the answerwhich is the title for tonight: One word after another. Throughout that evening Robinson contritely said not another word, although there were about him heated arguments by poets, volatile and voluble; and I had known him for a half-year before I learned that he had meant no more than what he saidand certainly no less. The social consequence of its laconic utterance had incommoded him internallya fate for him too frequent. The pithy understatements were never malicious, only salty New England, downcast common sense.

Common sense in common speech is scarcely to be found as the clear vision and consistent practice of a poet, except perhaps Robinson himself, and Crabbe, whom he respected. Yet they had won for him about that time the highest honors and, what no New Englander can quite forget, financial independence. Perhaps these circumstances made it possible for him to gather half-a-dozen of us youngsters who wrote poems, around him who was poet. Perhaps it was in happy recollection of his teens when his neighbor, Dr. Schumann, had done the same for him, before he left the place that he called Tilbury Town. Be that as it may, there was no stile by which he could at will climb over the gray stone wall that fenced him from the worldexcept in poetry. We knew him as a man, and knew him well; and yet I do not think on that account we knew of him one jot or tittle that was relevant to the real man which is not public property. There may be poets of whom this is not true, men who had lives too rich for words; but I am sure in his case that no matter what had mattered to that man he would have found a way to say itor to sing it. It is no boast to say I knew that man.

Perfunctorily, we begin with a biography as brief as his life was factually thinremembering his own reproving voice raised angrily against unseemly inquest into Verlaines putrescence:

Why do you dig like long clawed scavengers To touch the covered corpse of him who fled The uplands for the fens, and rioted Like a sick satyr with dooms worshippers? Come!let the dead flesh be dead And let the worms be its biographers . . . .

which ends with all he thought worth saving:

. . . . Nothing less Than Hells fulfillment of the End of Things Can blot the star that shines on Paris now.

Robinson was the unwanted youngest son of an old New England banker in a small town. His very name was drawn by luck from a hat when he was already a six-month denizen of this bleak world. From childhood, a self-intended poet, he had the respect paid by a thrifty community to dabblers in words. His schooling was inadequate. His family went to pieces on his fathers deathone brother being a financial failure, the other a morphine addict. His mother finally died, but before this the burden of the family had fallen upon him. Without training or financial backing, he had attempted Harvard, where he could make neither a fair living nor a good scholastic record. But he did make friends: to them he owed greatly what little richeshumanly speaking ever came his way, and the slim pickings financially that tided him over until his poetry finally took hold. The rest of his early and much of his later history is of a struggle to get publication. After his first success he proposed to the only girl he seems ever to have really loved, and did it so unexpectedly that nothing came of it except his famous attempt to console her for so upsetting a scene. His misery and the silence that confounded him could only be broken down by quantities of alcohol so great that they would have intoxicated an Ajax. Poverty, inebriety and accompanying inability to produce or to publish drove him to a job in subway constructionas timekeeperof which in after years he had almost no memory. Then, thanks to the tyrant who used the White House as a rostrum from which to lord it over taste”—

I mean the first Roosevelthe received a sinecure which he held long enough to get started again. After that came "Success"and the recluse remained the recluse in public instead of in private. All this and more still less to the point is to be found in a flat biography by Hagedornwho should have known better.

I say should advisedly, for Hagedorn knew Robinson among his friends, and, incredibly, Robinson was gifted in the art of friendship. Hopelessly sane, a touch-me-not and semi-mute, he could remain unpersuaded and unconvinced and dryly humorous until the best of souls, male and female alike, came around to his way of seeing things or of understanding and respecting them. The facts are, in a sense, there in that biography, but not in any way to suggest their crucial nature. Robinsons friends were his first audience; he had listened the hearts out of them; he held those hearts as tenderly as his own desired to be held. It was to them he spoke, always with humor, always with simple words; and occasionally in sudden outbursts of passion so intellectualized that his language, like his face, seemed rather what one would expect of a scientist or philosopher. Had he spoken more or listened less he would not have known so well what to put between quotation marksthe place where he is at his best.

Robinson never just listened; his brain was a busy place; between the few words he said was so much thinking that one had to hurry to keep up with it or the next utterance seemed oracular. His silences were his busiest times; they were not engendered by any sort of timidity, or uncomfortable in a sense of insecurity: they were just thinking.

He was, in fact, more sure of himself than any man of his age has a right to beunless he be a Robinson. From childhood he had learned to write one word after another. He was a craftsman; a good craftsman, as he well knewand his craft was poetry. Others mightdiddoubt his abilitynever Robinson. Had he, the upright, God-fearing New Englander, had any doubt of itas he always doubted his ability to make moneyhe would never have accepted the financial help from his many friends, of whom many could ill afford it. It is therefore to his craft that one must look for all the clues that make him understandable.

Outside his poetry there are two sources of sidelights on the man which might be publicized with no disparagement to him. He wrote, long and hard, at playstwo of which have seen the light of day in print. They do not lack lines worth knowing and quoting, although they may have been most execrable theater. He wrote lettersmany lettersvery human and expressive, of which only a small sample is in the public domain. Two strange figures have the rest under lock and key. One is a heavy-set dowager in Pennsylvania; and the other, that graceful gazelle poet, Ridgely Torrence, who grew up into an old maid and guards his treasure as though it contained at least a secret and sacred amour. The Selected Letters, published by Macmillan, has an introduction by this same Torrence: it makes Robinson look secretive. This is what we of the psychiatric cloth call Projection. Fortunately the published letters happen to contain critical remarks concerning other authors which, with his poems concerning many more, help to disclose what Robinson considered important to Poetry.

In one letter we find him describing John Donne as dogmatic and ancient. To quote: “—particularly, a poet, who must be, if he is to be anything, an interpreter of lifeDonne, looking at him from the larger point of view, doesnt seem to me to interpret much more than a sort of half-mystical sexual uneasiness and a rather uninteresting religious enthusiasm, which seems to have been quite the thing in those days for a fellow who raised the devil for thirty-five years and so worked up an appetite for symbols. That letter goes on into a point in Spencers philosophy, but in the next he is back at styleSpencers stylewhich he admits is sincere and intends to be dignified, while Jamess is forever prostituting itself to contemporary slang and slipshod affectationsto strike a popular chord and conceal arrogance. So these letters continue with points concerning Santayana, Kipling, Brontë, Poe, and who not, to the end of his days when we find him agreeing with Swinburne halfheartedly that the Egoist is not the language of God and it cannot live. The letters bespeak the craftsman ever mindful of the craftunhesitating in forming a crisp opinion.

Unlike his letters, his poems were intended for posterity, and among them are several of importance on this score. The first, to Zola, bespeaks the importance Robinson attached to seeing life and man as they are, and conveying them sincerely.

Because he puts the compromising chart Of hell before your eyes, you are afraid; Because he counts the price that you have paid For innocence, and counts it from the start, You loathe him. But he sees the human heart Of God meanwhile, and in His hand has weighed Your squeamish and emasculate crusade Against the grim dominion of his art.

Never until we conquer the uncouth Connivings of our shamed indifference (We call it Christian faith) are we to scan The racked and shrieking hideousness of Truth, To find, in hates polluted self-defense Throbbing, the pulse, the divine heart of man.

Apparently, for Robinson, Zola wrote Gods languageand it need not die!

George Crabbe cannot even be banished. The sonnet to him which begins

Give him the darkest inch your shelf allows, Hide him in lonely garrets, if you will,

ends with the sextet,

Whether or not we read him, we can feel From time to time the vigor of his name Against us like a finger for the shame And emptiness of what our souls reveal In books that are as altars where we kneel To consecrate the flicker, not the flame.

No Europeannot even a dour Scotis as demanding as Robinson that ones grip on the hard facts should never loosen. But for all this overdose of conscience, he remained humorous. He had no crust of overdone divinity”—nor any patience for it. Life never made him bitteronly insistent on seeing things as they are.

Yet his sympathy, and he had reasons, and his taste, make him in several unexpected ways akin to Thomas Hood, of whom he wrote:

The man who cloaked his bitterness within This winding-sheet of puns and pleasantries, God never gave to look with common eyes Upon a world of anguish and of sin: His brother was the branded man of Lynn; And there are woven with his jollities The nameless and eternal tragedies That render hope and hopelessness akin.

We laugh, and crown him; but anon we feel A still chord sorrow-swept,a weird unrest; And thin dim shadows home to midnight steal, As if the very ghost of mirth were deadAs if the joys of time to dreams had fled, Or sailed away with Ines to the West.

Even these few sonnets are enough to convey the high seriousness, the conscientious craftsmanship and the pervasive humor of a thinking authorthe only American poet who was avowedly a poet and nothing else from youth to death.

Let me return, therefore, to certain of his poems that convey what was the real importance of some of the few events of his uneventful life.

He was born December 22, 1869, in Head Tide, MaineNew England.

Here where the wind is always north-north-east And children learn to walk on frozen toes, Wonder begets an envy of all those Who boil elsewhere with such a lyric yeast Of love that you will hear them at a feast Where demons would appeal for some repose, Still clamoring where the chalice overflows And crying wildest who have drunk the least.

Passion is here a soilure of the wits, Were told, and Love a cross for them to bear; Joy shivers in the corner where she knits And Conscience always has the rocking-chair, Cheerful as when she tortured into fits The first cat that was ever killed by Care.

The fate of an unwanted childalmost too deep a wound to find a tonguehe managed to express, but only circuitously, in a poem too painful to be readily understood, Luke Havergal, containing the somber lines so central to Robinson and to his vocation:

. . . . But there, where western glooms are gathering, The dark will end the dark, if anything: God slays Himself with every leaf that flies, And hell is more than half of paradise. No, there is not a dawn in eastern skies . . . .

And it produced a yearning for friendship, which reappears in a hundred lonely linesamong them the loneliest,

. . . . He sought a friendand found the stars . . . .

The response to the disrespect that thrifty neighbors had for a youngster with no trade but words came out in reverse: substitute they, their, and them for I, mine, and me in the following:

There is a drear and lonely tract of hell From all the common gloom removed afar: A flat, sad land it is, where shadows are, Whose lorn estate my verse may never tell. I walked among them and I knew them well: Men I had slandered on lifes little star For churls and sluggards; and I knew the scar Upon their brows of woe ineffable.

But as I went majestic on my way, Into the dark they vanished, one by one, Till, with a shaft of Gods eternal day, The dream of all ray glory was undone,And, with a fools importunate dismay, I heard the dead men singing in the sun.

One of his brothers, a financial failure, the other, a dope addict. Remember the line,

. . . . His brother was the branded man of Lynn . . . .

Change it to Gardiner or Tilbury Town.

That midnight to which thin dim shadows steal, haunted by ghosts, became increasingly Robinsons world. To face it he formulated his creed:

I cannot find my way: there is no star In all the shrouded heavens anywhere; And there is not a whisper in the air Of any living voice but one so far That I can hear it only as a bar Of lost, imperial music, played when fair And angel fingers wove, and unaware, Dead leaves to garland where no roses are.

No, there is not a glimmer, nor a call, For one that welcomes, welcomes when he fears, The black and awful chaos of the night; For through it allabove, beyond it allI know the far-sent message of the years, I feel the coming glory of the Light.

This is scarcely a religion.

But a religion he did formulate for himself on the basis of friendship, and the insistence upon knowing things for what they are. The darkness which surrounded Robinson was for him life; to pierce it one must look carefully; through it one might discern true friends as he had discerned them at Harvard. All this even Robinson could not squeeze into a single sonnet.

Just as I wonder at the twofold screen Of twisted innocence that you would plait For eyes that uncourageously await The coming of a kingdom that has been, So do I wonder what Gods love can mean To you that all so strangely estimate The purpose and the consequent estate Of one short shuddering step to the Unseen.

No, I have not your backward faith to shrink Lone-faring from the doorway of Gods home To find Him in the names of buried men; Nor your ingenious recreance to think We cherish, in the life that is to come, The scattered features of dead friends again.

Never until our souls are strong enough To plunge into the crater of the SchemeTriumphant in the flash there to redeem Loves handsel and forevermore to slough, Like cerements at a played-out masque, the rough And reptile skins of us whereon we set The stigma of scared yearsare we to get Where atoms and the ages are one stuff.

Nor ever shall we know the cursed waste Of life in the beneficence divine Of starlight and of sunlight and soul-shine That we have squandered in sins frail distress, Till we have drunk, and trembled at the taste, The mead of Thoughts prophetic endlessness.

One can, of course, go into greater detail or continue relating poems to history: for example, his problem with liquor to a dozen poems including The Dark House, Miniver Cheevy, and the greatest of his manhoods poems, The Man Who Died Twice. There are also many of his friends recognizable in his works, but in such a strange wayI mean so generated into essencethat they frequently cannot recognize themselvesor rather their pure spirits; or, if they do, feel honored: the most famous instance being the original of Captain Craig, Alfred H. Louis.

But one poem must be cited: not because of the way in which Robinsons life determined itbut it, his life. It is perhaps the finest of his sonnets, and was the one that captivated Roosevelt. It is called The Clerks.

I did not think that I should find them there When I came back again; but there they stood, As in the days they dreamed of when young blood Was in their cheeks and women called them fair. Be sure, they met me with an ancient air,And yes, there was a shop-worn brotherhood About them; but the men were just as good, And just as human as they ever were.

And you that ache so much to be sublime, And you that feed yourselves with your descent, What comes of all your visions and your fears? Poets and kings are but the clerks of Time, Tiering the same dull webs of discontent, Clipping the same sad alnage of the years.

With one exception the sonnets quoted were all printed by the time Robinson was twenty-eight. His character, his style, and his fortune were all determined by that time. Among them, if anywhere, one might look for purple passages. He will find none. New Englands reticence and its art of understatement precluded them. The humor is dryheady rather than hearty. Aside from his dictum, One word after another, I have heard him quote, on more than one occasion, Samuel Johnson to the effect that most poetry is defective in inductive and deductive reasoning"Robinsons was notand that the composition of poetry should be of wit”—Robinsons wasand the wit lay in pointing up some fundamental likeness of things superficially unlike. It is therefore not surprising that his audience has always been restricted to those who had the wit and the will to read him thoughtfully.

His influence on contemporary poetry is therefore surprising. One has only to compare him with any other author of the Gay Nineties, or the Mauve Decade, to realize that it was he who started a revolution in vocabulary. The familiar onomatopoetic words, the trite or exotic high-flown phrases, just are not to be found in anything except in jest to make the pompous ludicrous. When one thinks of the author as a revolutionary figure, it raises a strange smile, for he began by writing the most conventionalized of French and English forms: rondeau, rondelle, triolet, villanelle, ballad, sonnet, and even one sestina. Few of these early disciplinary labors seemed to him worth publishing, but these few show him at an early age an accomplished musiciansome have said a virtuoso. At no time was he a mere innovator; and, as time went slowly on, blank verse became his principal vehicle for anything too long for sonnets.

This was the birthday of free verse: concerning which he quoted someone, I believe originally Lowes, that it is no more a form of verse than lying in a gutter is a form of architecture. Not an innovator, but a revolutionary even as Wordsworth was, he sought to express all that mattered to men as they actually lived, even moreto interpret it in common words. Common does not mean slang; he abhorred slang: not because it was vulgar or common. Quite the reverse! It was far too private and particular, too local or provincial, and above all, too ephemeral, too evanescent, for his poems, which were intended for a wider audience and a more remote posterity. Slang could only date and place what was meant to remain universal. For that reason alone it was out of place in poetry. So it comes about that the poet who is at his best between quotation marks writes what appears to be vernacular but is nearer basic English. It would be safe to bet, not merely because we would not live to pay, that for this reason alone his poems will outlive his contemporaries.

He lived through the Spanish and the first World War. They hardly left a trace in his writing, although they did, in fact, furnish the basis for his allegories, most notably, his Arthurian Romances. The wars are gone and the veterans forgotten; and Robinsons poems are taking a new lease on life. He has been dead about ten years and the sales of his Collected Works are increasing.

To produce forms of proved merit, using the most enduring, albeit the most inert, of materials, is shrewd common sense in craftsmanship. These materials frequently do not glitter of themselves and they are recalcitrant. They must be worked in the manner appropriate to them. They cannot be tossed into flamboyant structures whose major uprights burst into flame. Not that that is what one wants of major uprights, but, to have them do so, often lends a magic flavor to a mixed metaphor and permits a rhyme which not even another poet had expected. To debar oneself of the use of such words is to debunk ones diction, and, inevitably ones ideas. Without humor it becomes as unsupportable as Wordsworth at his worst. That never happened to Robinson. His choice of words permitted only the humor of a disillusioned man; disillusioned, but passionate internally and capable of exquisite suffering, the very kind most poignant in a smile:

If Bunyan had only had the urbanity to smile!

As Robinson weeded the orchids from his vocabulary, he was forced into a use of metaphors, or similes: a sort of universalized symbology built upon the most ubiquitous of things that have for us constant emotional connotation. Try writing poetry in basic English. The halo of feeling deserts the thoughts, and one is forced to devious constructions, to peculiar phrasing, and to combinations of these phrases that pervert the rhythmic come and go of breath. By the time he had published Captain Craig, Robinson had so pruned the grapevine of his speech that he was forced to a new complexity of grammar and a certain indirection of expression from which he never again fully escaped. But he had found his symbols.

They were, in fact, if not native at least constitutional with him. Embryonically, they are present in that early volume from which I quoted: To look, to see, or not to see the dark and then or perhaps not even then, the lightto touch or to be touchedby hands, kind hands or busy hands or hostile handsto speak and not to speakto listen and to hear and not to hearto wait for what must come or never comes or came and needs no waiting.

The volume Captain Craig abounds in them; The Town Down the River contains still more; The Man Against the Sky is little else. To avoid endless quotation, let us focus attention on seeing or not seeing in the dark or coming light, and sample every poem in the first half of that volume.

  1. We look beyond horizons for the man Flammonde.
  2. He shines anointedand he blurs her vision.
  3. Your own contriving has put the last light out.
  4. And are you never to have eyes to see the world for what it is.
  5. Youll never see so much of me as ribbons any more.
  6. An apple tree that is yet alive saw something I suppose.
  7. Who sees enough in his duress.
  8. He gleamed as with an inward light that had the Lords assurance in it
  9. To the few seeing ones a trifle terrifying
  10. He sees that he will not be lostand waits and looks around him
  11. A light of other gleams he has today

The rest of the volume is the same storythe same for touching and for listening. And where I have quoted a single instance from a given poem, there are often a score. The last poem of the volume, The Man Against the Sky, begins: Between me and the sunset”—and ends: look sheer down to the dark tideless floods of Nothingness. The next volume is the same set of symbols, ending: Down to our very noses end, We see and are invincible. The Lancelot begins: with his hard, cold eyes, where doubts at war with memories fanned a sad wrath”—and it is these same eyes that see the light and follow it out of the world. The next volume is more of the sameending with Lazarus, who could tell nothing of his three days dead—“I saw His eyes . . . . only His eyes; and they looked long into mine . . . . Avons Harvest begins with Avons eyes and ends with Rembrandt: . . . . forget your darkness in the dark . . . . Even the Tristram begins of Isolt of the white hands, in Brittany”—where she Could see no longer northward anywhere . . . .”—and ends with her . . . . Alone, with her white face and her gray eyes, She watched them there till even her thoughts were white. . . .

To name the poems in which they increasingly abound would be to catalogue his works; for they increase in frequency and in complexity of interweaving to the last line of the last poem. In fact, King Jasper is haunted with seeing, not seeing, hands, touching and not touching, the dark and then the light, that was such different things as destruction and liberation and the listening and waiting, to end in oneseeing.

All this may sound as though Robinson repeated himself endlessly. On the intellectual side he did the reverse. He was an inveterate thinker, and originator, as well as a keen student of the feelings and thinkings of others. His ideas have greater scope and variety than those of any other American poet known to me: it is merely that he used the same symbols ever more skillfully, and for other purposes.

On the emotional side, the story is different. Prior to and including Captain Craig, his short poems are in many moods and his few longer poems have sequences of emotions as various as their themes. From that time on, his short poems are all somber, even when touched off with humor; and his emotional sequence is as fixed as that of any middle-aged commuter. It climbs out of despair into a tense struggle against fate; then, with realization, instead of renunciation, there is a burning anger which consumes itself; and a sense of proportion with dry humor heads back into despaira sadder, and a wiser and a final despair, a kind of despair that is the core of sublimity. Call it tragedy, or comedy; the catharsis is always the same.

Fixity in the sequence of our emotions is a sad fate, more confining than any crimp the world can cramp upon us from without; but it is an almost universal fate, and is certainly not to be held against an author who lives to middle age.

To despair without yielding to despair is after all the great tradition of English poetry. And Robinson was of that tradition in yet other ways: he conveys how people feel and think in terms of what they do or hear or see; his description of objects conveys their value in terms of their effect upon action rather than their position or shape or color or texture. Isolt of the white hands or of Ireland is Isolt whose hands touched and healed Tristram; and Ireland is his failure to win her for himself until too late.

But from his humor and his inveterate reticence was born his unique and inimitable art of understatement. It is not that this quaint quality leaves things half-said so that one may build in to them at will. It is usually quite the reverse, as in He sought a friend and found the stars. It is simply that the analysis has been pushed past all irrelevancies to the place where there is nothing more to say: from that point forth form must perforce give place to frenzy. We may as well make the most of it in him; for it cannot be passed on into the art of poetry until we have more poets who will get where atoms and the ages are one stuff. The price is not too great but there are too few who can afford it.

And in the meantime, while we enjoy it we must be a bit on our guard, for Robinson is at times a sly fellow; and while he tells us all we need to know to get the point of his intending, he may, with pleasure, omit what we desire. That he did this with malice aforethought, there can be no doubt. It is fairly explicit in Old King Cole, whose guests sat there all night expecting something every minute. What the guests expected was not the guests business; and many an ardent admirer found Robinson an Old King Cole. This seems to have been particularly tantalizing to women, several of whom pestered him. How far that wentor they ever got was noised abroad by Isadora Duncan, who publicly lamented her inability to seduce him; rape is the right word, although to rape a man may be past the Muses power, even though she be Terpsichore.

So much for passion as a soilure of the wits. But of the poets passionthe kind that makes him see most clearly when he feels most deeplywe know all that we have any business to know of Robinson from his poems. In them it found its ultimate expression and that was enough.

There can be no doubt that Robinson had a violent temper. In poem after poem there is a distillate of pure rage. But, in personal contact it rarely found vent. Of the one explosion I ever witnessed, I was its object and its cause. Half-a-dozen of us had been writing sonnets to command; the specified topic, a fruitless love affair. These were then read aloud by someone else, all listening the first time round. My second quatrain began, I to the frenzied and immortal few, turned hungry home.

Stop! screamed the poet, No one can ever resolve that sonnet. That was nearly a quarter of a century ago; and it is still unresolved.

There is one other point which must be made concerning Robinsons contribution to poetry. It is the introduction of a device at once so simple and so powerful that I wonder it has not already appeared in the armamentarium of oncoming poets. He tried it early in tentative fashion in Old King Cole:

But whether from too little thought Or too much fealty to the bowl A dim reward was all he got For sitting up with Old King Cole.

Here Robinson is not content merely to abstract the essential; he gives you the choice between either of two explanations, neither of which is anything but a horn of an apparent dilemma; the choice is ineffectual and enhances by contrast the essential. Actually, that device is used three times in Old King Cole. In its early form the Or is explicit; and, as it finds almost no other raison d’être in his poems, one need only count Ors to see how much he uses it. Later the Or is replaced by a variety of subtle constructions that have the same effect of letting you select which irrelevancy you, or the character, prefer. As time went on the device took on new power. This depended in part on a growing sense of our not looking to the fundamentals in laying out our acts; and of the consequent preponderance of fate; a notion as far removed from Kismet as sin is from bad luck. Finally, as Robinson began to know himself in essence, his characters begin to realize the ineluctable catastrophe as ineluctablethough they must choose, and as their handiworkthough they would have it otherwise.

Because in livings aftermath he knew With reasoned certitude the way he went Was his, and all attempts to circumvent Inevitably led to the same stew, He was content to keep the end in view, Leaving decision in our discontent Free rein to choose the form of our lament,That of our odd dilemma comes nought new.

It would be senseless to labor this point with many quotations, for the device became so aptly suited to his emotional sequence that no great passage is without it. Rather, in the few moments that remain I would, with your permission, quote a passage from his Lancelot. I cannot read it with his nasal resonance and clear twang, but merely one word after anothereven as he wrote it. He was then the accomplished artist in complete command of his symbols, writing common sense in basic English. His emotional sequence was firmly established. Understatement and dry humor never deserted him; and you will find the vain choices confronting the man who had made fate what it was for him, including the Grail.

Lancelot looked about him, but he saw No Guinevere. The place where she had sat Was now an empty chair that might have been The shadowy throne of an abandoned world, But for the living fragrance of a kiss That he remembered, and a living voice That hovered when he saw that she was gone. There was too much remembering while he felt Upon his cheek the warm sound of her words; There was too much regret; there was too much Remorse. Regret was there for what had gone, Remorse for what had come. Yet there was time, That had not wholly come. There was time enough Between him and the nightas there were shoals Enough, no doubt, that in the sea somewhere Were not yet hidden by the drowning tide.So there is here between me and the dark Some twilight left, he said. He sighed, and said Again, Time, tide, and twilightand the dark; And then, for me, the Light. But what for her? I do not think of anything but life That I may give to her by going now; And if I look into her eyes again, Or feel her breath upon my face again, God knows if I may give so much as life; Or if the durance of her loneliness Would have it for the asking. What am I? What have I seen that I must leave behind So much of heaven and earth to burn itself Away in white and gold, until in time There shall be no more white and no more gold? I cannot think of such a time as that; I cannotyet I must; for I am he That shall have hastened it and hurried on To dissolution all that wondermentThat envy of all women who have said She was a child of ice and ivory; And of all men, save one. And who is he? Who is this Lancelot that has betrayed His King, and served him with a cankered honor? Who is this Lancelot that sees the Light And waits now in the shadow for the dark? Who is this King, this Arthur, who believes That what has been, and is, will be for ever,Who has no eye for what he will not see, And will see nothing but whats passing here In Camelot, which is passing? Why are we here? What are we doingkings, queens, Camelots, And Lancelots? And what is this dim world That I would leave, and cannot leave tonight Because a Queen is in it and a King Has gone away to some place where theres huntingCarleon or Carlisle! Who is this Queen

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

When are the women who make toys of men To know that they themselves are less than toys When Time has laid upon their skins the touch Of his all-shrivelling fingers? When are they To know that men must have an end of them When men have seen the Light and left the world That I am leaving now. Yet, here I am, And all because a king has gone a-hunting . . . . Carleon or Carlisle!

So Lancelot

Fed with a sullen rancor, which he knew To be as false as he was to the King, The passion and the fear that now in him Were burning like two slow infernal fires That only flight and exile far away From Camelot should ever cool again.Yet here I am, he said,—“and here I am. Time, tide, and twilight; and there is no twilightAnd there is not much time. But theres enough To eat and drink in; and there may be time For me to frame a jest or two to prove How merry a man may be who sees the Light. And I must get me up and go along, Before the shadows blot out everything, And leave me stumbling among skeletons. God, what a rain of ashes falls on him Who sees the new and cannot leave the old!

Footnote

For further research:

Wordcloud: Arc, Begins, Comes, Common, Dark, Dead, Doubt, Emotional, End, England, Enough, Eyes, Fate, Feel, Form, Found, Friends, God, Hands, Humor, King, Knew, Lancelot, Leave, Letters, Life, Light, Listening, Living, Looked, Man, Poems, Poet, Poetry, Point, Quoted, Read, Robinson, Seeing, Sense, Sonnets, Things, Think, Touch, Volume, White, Wit, Words, World, Writing

Keywords: Robinson, Poetry, Evening, Sense, City, Friends, Things, England, Idiom, Century

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1 Reprinted from Club Papers published by the Chicago Literary Club for its members for December, 1945. This paper was written for and read before the club on Monday evening, March 12, 1945.